%PDF-1.4
%
11 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
1 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
12 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
15 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
9 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
16 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
14 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
4 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
7 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
6 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
5 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
17 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
13 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
8 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
18 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
10 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 584.96 782.99]/Length 136>>stream
x5;0=2"``mAUTyq{Ŗ<;o$v^C 6K8`NϡDoD69
xZg!xHoS
RQQבfflx*^
*
endstream
endobj
20 0 obj
<>stream
Elevation Matters More than Season in Shaping the Heterogeneity of Soil and Root Associated Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community
10.1128/spectrum.01950-21
Sai Gong
Bang Feng
Si-Peng Jian
Geng Shen Wang
Zai-Wei Ge
Zhu Liang Yang
Research Article
Research Article
ectomycorrhizal fungi
altitude
season
spatiotemporal variation
Baima Snow Mountain
American Society for Microbiology
Gong et al.
Copyright © 2022 Gong et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
20220112
2022
ABSTRACT
Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi play important roles in forest ecosystems, and their richness and composition can change along with elevation and season changes. However, no study has estimated the relative importance of altitudinal and seasonal heterogeneity in predicting the distribution of EcM fungal communities by simultaneously considering different sample types (root versus soil). In this study, we collected root and soil samples along a > 1,500-m elevation gradient during wet and dry seasons from Baima Snow Mountain, located in “the Mountains of Southwest China,” one of the 34 biodiversity hot spots, and we analyzed them using next-generation sequencing. Regardless of the sample type, similar EcM fungal richness pattern with increasing elevation (decline in the forest zone, and an increase at the alpine meadow zone) and strong community turnovers among different elevational zones and between two seasons were detected, and changes of EcM fungal community similarity on 400-m altitude gradient were equivalent to the community turnover between dry and wet seasons. Elevation and edaphic factors were shown to have the largest effects on EcM fungal community. The heterogeneity of richness and community composition was stronger among different elevational zones than across different seasons, mainly because the elevation variations in the EcM fungal community were shaped by the combined effects of different environmental factors, while seasonal changes were mainly controlled by temperature and fast-changing soil nutrients.
IMPORTANCE Altitude and season represent two important environmental gradients that shape the structure of biome, including the heterogeneity of EcM fungi. Previous studies have separately considered the influences of altitude and season on EcM fungal communities, but the relative importance of altitude and season is still unknown. The present study revealed that elevation influences the heterogeneity of EcM fungal community more than season; this may be because the variability of environmental factors is higher across different elevations than that across seasons.
20211022
20211213
2165-0497
Adobe LiveCycle PDF Generator; modified using iText® 5.5.13.2 ©2000-2020 iText Group NV (AGPL-version)2022-01-12T16:23:05-08:00
endstream
endobj
21 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
22 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi yA$
endstream
endobj
23 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
24 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih X
endstream
endobj
25 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
26 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih lT
endstream
endobj
27 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
28 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih W
endstream
endobj
29 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
30 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi y8#
endstream
endobj
31 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
32 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi y\'
endstream
endobj
33 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
34 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih uU
endstream
endobj
35 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
36 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih Y
endstream
endobj
37 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
38 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi yJ%
endstream
endobj
39 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
40 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih Z
endstream
endobj
41 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
42 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi ye(
endstream
endobj
43 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
44 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi yn)
endstream
endobj
45 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
46 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi y,
endstream
endobj
47 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
48 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih ~V
endstream
endobj
49 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
50 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi y+
endstream
endobj
51 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
52 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi yw*
endstream
endobj
53 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
54 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi yS&
endstream
endobj
56 0 obj
<>stream
HWےW#T5%^OIy7vRʓ'O0$$1HO7@ImR.P9sKqeEe_1%K~Q7:U$UdԸyN2ҪC'Qz\6IejG{Osn-SD6<*ի$&JTG1.E{Z8eQ=NJ?zczw&ՖNtJNkI4LTFCD?B;5Mre.~k9˟(ϴsƞYK7F+wB,9m9RJd,v3eL{ߪd1WTF՝FJ,9O_rAs`R(#+*&_7ZJ/ @Vx$,P .M=gWE Tjڝbh-rG'ɢVF3LFӬ4\,5,ծE5K+*ȳ +F
Նh*@;ZHɥ9%E$Oh*Tx'fWlLNI*[>`Or㈂W?
7I
<L2 hWcf@@4rm%w Q#L)7&az 8ױ=0|N\^[p\lR lks4J'D>0kR !AON*2Np"B8*6ŏv[hC/4Ow볒7CbtE/N